Philosophy

Confucius

551 to 479 BC, Lu, China

Harmony, ritual, and the ethics of the well ordered society.

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Lessons

Ren: The Heart of Humaneness

Confucius’s central virtue - ren , humaneness or benevolence - the loving concern for others that is the heart of his ethics and the goal of moral cultivation.

Li: Ritual and Harmony

Confucius’s teaching on li - ritual, propriety, the forms of proper conduct - which cultivate virtue, order society, and express the humane spirit in the proper forms of life.

The Junzi: The Exemplary Person

Confucius’s ideal of the junzi - the cultivated, exemplary person of virtue and integrity - and his vision of the moral self-cultivation through which anyone may become noble in character.

Filial Piety and the Roots of Virtue

Confucius’s teaching that filial piety - devotion to parents and family - is the root of humaneness and the foundation from which all virtue and social order grow.

Government by Virtue

Confucius’s vision of government - that rulers should govern by moral example and virtue, not by coercion and punishment, leading the people through the power of moral example.

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