Philosophy

Epictetus

c. AD 50 to c. 135, Hierapolis and Nicopolis

The slave who became Stoicism’s greatest teacher of inner freedom.

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Lessons

The Dichotomy of Control

Epictetus’s foundational distinction between what is up to us and what is not - the single rule from which his entire philosophy of freedom unfolds.

The Discipline of Desire

Epictetus’s first and hardest discipline - to want only what is in our power, and to will what actually happens, so that our desires can never be frustrated.

Externals and Inner Freedom

Epictetus’s most radical claim - that no one can enslave the person who has placed their good in their own will, and no one is free who has placed it anywhere else.

Playing Your Role Well

Epictetus’s ethics of roles - the idea that we are actors assigned parts we did not choose, and that virtue lies not in selecting the role but in playing it well.

Philosophy as Daily Practice

Epictetus’s insistence that philosophy is not what you profess but what you do - a discipline drilled into the soul by daily exercise until it becomes the way you live.

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