Epoché · the history of ideas

Learn from the thinkers themselves

Epoché teaches the great ideas the way they were meant to be learned — questioned in dialogue, read in the original, and held in memory by design. 87 thinkers, from Thales to Marie Curie.

From the thinkers themselves · Held, not just heard · A private record of how you think, that's yours to keep.

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Philosophy

Aristotle · 384 to 322 BC, Stagira, Greece

Virtue, purpose, logic, and the architecture of the good life.

Plato · 428 to 348 BC, Athens

The theory of Forms, the just city, and the examined life.

Immanuel Kant · 1724 to 1804, Konigsberg

Duty, reason, and the limits of what we can know.

Friedrich Nietzsche · 1844 to 1900, Saxony

The will to power, the death of God, and the revaluation of values.

Confucius · 551 to 479 BC, Lu, China

Harmony, ritual, and the ethics of the well ordered society.

Seneca · c. 4 BC to AD 65, Corduba and Rome

The Stoic statesman on time, anger, fortune, and how to live.

Epictetus · c. AD 50 to c. 135, Hierapolis and Nicopolis

The slave who became Stoicism’s greatest teacher of inner freedom.

Marcus Aurelius · AD 121 to 180, Rome

The philosopher-emperor whose private journal became a Stoic classic.

Socrates · c. 470 to 399 BC, Athens

The father of Western philosophy, who taught by questioning and died for it.

Heraclitus · c. 535 to 475 BC, Ephesus

Everything flows: change, the Logos, and the unity of opposites.

Parmenides · c. 515 to 450 BC, Elea

Being is one and unchanging: the way of truth, against the senses.

Rene Descartes · 1596 to 1650, La Haye en Touraine, France

Doubt, certainty, the thinking self, and the foundations of modern philosophy.

David Hume · 1711 to 1776, Edinburgh, Scotland

Experience, causation, the limits of reason, and a science of human nature.

Thales of Miletus · c. 624 to 546 BC, Miletus

The first philosopher: all things are water, and nature explains itself.

Anaxagoras · c. 500 to 428 BC, Clazomenae

Mind (Nous) orders the cosmos; in everything there is a portion of everything.

Benedict de Spinoza · 1632 to 1677, Amsterdam, Dutch Republic

One infinite substance - God, or Nature - and the path from bondage to blessedness through understanding.

G. W. F. Hegel · 1770 to 1831, Stuttgart, Germany

The dialectic, the self-development of Spirit (Geist), and history as the unfolding of freedom.

Democritus · c. 460 to 370 BC, Abdera

Atoms and the void: the first thoroughgoing materialism.

Epicurus · 341 to 270 BC, Samos and Athens

Pleasure as tranquillity: the Garden, the swerve, and freedom from fear.

Plotinus · c. 204 to 270 AD, Egypt and Rome

Neoplatonism: the One, emanation, and the soul's flight to the Alone.

Arthur Schopenhauer · 1788 to 1860, Danzig, Prussia

The world as blind, striving will - the metaphysics of suffering, and salvation through art and compassion.

Søren Kierkegaard · 1813 to 1855, Copenhagen, Denmark

The existing individual against the System - subjectivity, the stages of life, anxiety, and the leap of faith.

Ludwig Wittgenstein · 1889 to 1951, Vienna, Austria

Two revolutions in the philosophy of language - the picturing of facts, and meaning as use in the games of life.

Pyrrho of Elis · c. 360 to 270 BC, Elis

The founder of Greek skepticism: suspend judgement, and tranquillity follows.

Protagoras · c. 490 to 420 BC, Abdera

The first and greatest sophist: man is the measure of all things.

Zeno of Elea · c. 490 to 430 BC, Elea

Defender of Parmenides: paradoxes that motion and plurality are impossible.

Jean-Paul Sartre · 1905 to 1980, Paris, France

Existence precedes essence, radical freedom, bad faith, and the burden of being human.

Simone de Beauvoir · 1908 to 1986, Paris, France

The Second Sex, woman as the Other, the ethics of ambiguity, and existentialist feminism.

Martin Heidegger · 1889 to 1976, Messkirch, Germany

Being, Dasein, being-in-the-world, authenticity, death, and the question of technology.

Zeno of Citium · c. 334 to 262 BC, Citium and Athens

Founder of Stoicism: live in agreement with nature, and virtue alone is good.

Michel Foucault · 1926 to 1984, Paris, France

Power, knowledge, discipline, and the hidden histories of madness, punishment, and sexuality.

Chrysippus · c. 279 to 206 BC, Soli and Athens

The second founder of Stoicism: logic, fate, and the unity of virtue.

Jacques Derrida · 1930 to 2004, El Biar, French Algeria

Deconstruction, differance, and the claim that there is nothing outside the text.

Science

Isaac Newton · 1643 to 1727, Lincolnshire, England

The laws of motion, gravitation, and the mathematics of the cosmos.

Galileo Galilei · 1564 to 1642, Pisa

The telescope, the heavens, and the birth of observation.

Charles Darwin · 1809 to 1882, England

Natural selection and the deep history of life.

Marie Curie · 1867 to 1934, Warsaw and Paris

Radioactivity and the invisible architecture of matter.

Ibn al Haytham · 965 to 1040, Basra and Cairo

Optics and the founding of the scientific method.

Johannes Kepler · 1571 to 1630, Weil der Stadt

The three laws, the ellipse, and the marriage of physics to the heavens.

Nicolaus Copernicus · 1473 to 1543, Toruń

The man who stopped the Sun and set the Earth in motion.

James Clerk Maxwell · 1831 to 1879, Edinburgh

The equations that united electricity, magnetism, and light into one field.

Gregor Mendel · 1822 to 1884, Heinzendorf and Brno

The hidden laws of heredity, found in a monastery garden of peas.

Louis Pasteur · 1822 to 1895, Dole

The chemist who proved that life comes only from life, founded germ theory, and built the first laboratory vaccines.

Dmitri Mendeleev · 1834 to 1907, Tobolsk

The chemist who found the hidden order of the elements and predicted, from a gap in his table, elements no one had yet seen.

Francis Bacon · 1561 to 1626, London, England

Knowledge is power, and the new method of science.

Politics

John Locke · 1632 to 1704, Somerset, England

Natural rights, consent, and the foundations of liberalism.

Thomas Hobbes · 1588 to 1679, England

The Leviathan and the case for absolute sovereignty.

Jean Jacques Rousseau · 1712 to 1778, Geneva

The general will and the paradox of freedom.

John Stuart Mill · 1806 to 1873, London

Liberty, utility, and the tyranny of the majority.

Niccolo Machiavelli · 1469 to 1527, Florence

Power, virtue, and the realities of rule.

Cicero · 106 to 43 BC, Arpinum and Rome

Rome’s great orator-statesman, who gave the West natural law and the mixed republic.

Mahatma Gandhi · 1869 to 1948, India

Satyagraha, nonviolence, and the soul-force that toppled an empire.

Sun Tzu · c. 544 to 496 BC, China

The Art of War: winning through wisdom, deception, and the supreme excellence of not fighting at all.

Montesquieu · 1689 to 1755, France

Separation of powers and the spirit behind a nation's laws.

Alexis de Tocqueville · 1805 to 1859, France

Democracy, equality, and the new dangers to liberty.

Hannah Arendt · 1906 to 1975, Germany / United States

Totalitarianism, the banality of evil, and the dignity of political action.

Thomas Paine · 1737 to 1809, England and America

Common Sense, the Rights of Man, and the pamphleteer who set two revolutions alight.

Thomas Jefferson · 1743 to 1826, Virginia

The Declaration of Independence, natural rights, and the paradox of a slaveholding apostle of liberty.

Mary Wollstonecraft · 1759 to 1797, England

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and the founding argument of liberal feminism.

Frederick Douglass · 1818 to 1895, United States

From slave to statesman: literacy, abolition, and holding America to its own ideals.

W. E. B. Du Bois · 1868 to 1963, Massachusetts, USA

Double consciousness, the color line, and the sociology of race.

Economics

Adam Smith · 1723 to 1790, Kirkcaldy, Scotland

Markets, self interest, and the wealth of nations.

Karl Marx · 1818 to 1883, Germany and London

Capital, class, and the engine of history.

John Maynard Keynes · 1883 to 1946, Cambridge

Demand, depression, and the role of the state.

David Ricardo · 1772 to 1823, London

Comparative advantage and the logic of trade.

Friedrich Hayek · 1899 to 1992, Vienna and London

Knowledge, spontaneous order, and the case against planning.

Theology

Ibn Sina · 980 to 1037, Bukhara, Persia

Existence, necessity, and the nature of the soul.

Thomas Aquinas · 1225 to 1274, Italy

The synthesis of faith and reason, and the five ways.

Al Ghazali · 1058 to 1111, Persia

The limits of philosophy and the renewal of faith.

Maimonides · 1138 to 1204, Cordoba and Cairo

Reconciling scripture with Aristotelian reason.

Nagarjuna · 150 to 250 AD, India

Emptiness and the middle way of Buddhist philosophy.

Augustine of Hippo · 354 to 430, North Africa

The restless heart, original sin, and the two cities.

The Buddha · c. 563 to 483 BCE, India and Nepal

The Four Noble Truths, no-self, and the end of suffering.

Jalal al-Din Rumi · 1207 to 1273, Persia and Anatolia

Divine love, the reed’s lament, and union with God.

Adi Shankara · c. 700 to 750, Kerala and across India

Non-dual reality, the illusory world, and the Self as Brahman.

Ibn al-‘Arabi · 1165 to 1240, al-Andalus and Damascus

The unity of being, the perfect human, and God’s self-disclosure.

Ramanuja · c. 1017 to 1137, Sriperumbudur and Sriranga…

Qualified non-dualism, the personal God, and devotion as the path.

Civilisations

Ibn Khaldun · 1332 to 1406, Tunis and Cairo

The hidden laws behind the rise and fall of civilisations.

Herodotus · 484 to 425 BC, Greece

The first histories and the birth of inquiry.

Sima Qian · 145 to 86 BC, Han China

The grand historian and the shaping of Chinese memory.

Edward Gibbon · 1737 to 1794, England

The decline and fall of the Roman Empire.

Giambattista Vico · 1668 to 1744, Naples

The cycles of history and the making of nations.

Mathematics

Euclid · Greek geometer · ~300 BC, Alexandria

The axiomatic method - building all of geometry from a handful of self-evident truths.

Pythagoras · Greek mystic-mathematician · ~570–495 BC

Number as the hidden order of the cosmos - and the theorem that bears his name.

Al-Khwarizmi · Persian mathematician · ~780–850, Baghdad

The founder of algebra - restoring and balancing equations into a general art.

Alan Turing · British mathematician · 1912–1954

The universal machine, computability, and whether a machine can think.

Gottfried Leibniz · German polymath · 1646–1716

The calculus, the dream of a universal logic, and a calculating reason.

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