Philosophy

Simone de Beauvoir

1908 to 1986, Paris, France

The Second Sex, woman as the Other, the ethics of ambiguity, and existentialist feminism.

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Lessons

One Is Not Born, But Becomes, a Woman

Beauvoir’s most famous sentence opens the second volume of The Second Sex and overturns centuries of thought: there is no fixed ‘feminine nature.’ Femininity is not a biological destiny written in the…

Woman as the Other

Beauvoir’s deepest structural claim: throughout history, man has set himself up as the Subject , the absolute, the standard human being - and defined woman as the Other , the secondary, relative, inessential being…

The Ethics of Ambiguity

Where Sartre left an ethics promised but unwritten, Beauvoir delivered one. Her Ethics of Ambiguity (1947) builds a moral philosophy on the very ambiguity of the human condition - that we are both free transcendence and…

Myths, Marriage, and Lived Experience

Having shown that woman is the Other, Beauvoir turns to how the Othering is accomplished and lived: through the myths men weave about Woman, and through the concrete institutions - above all marriage and the role of the…

Freedom, Oppression, and Liberation

Beauvoir’s feminism is not a list of demands but a philosophy of freedom turned against oppression. This lesson draws her threads together: how she fuses existentialist freedom with a structural analysis of oppres…

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