Philosophy

Chrysippus

c. 279 to 206 BC, Soli and Athens

The second founder of Stoicism: logic, fate, and the unity of virtue.

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Lessons

The Second Founder

Why the ancients said: without Chrysippus, no Stoa.

The Logic of Propositions

How Chrysippus invented a logic of whole sentences, centuries before its time.

Fate and the Cylinder

How everything can be fated and yet our actions still our own.

The Passions as Judgements

Why Chrysippus held that emotions are not blind feelings but mistaken beliefs.

Virtue, Providence, and the Whole

Why Chrysippus held that the virtues are one, evil is necessary, and the cosmos is god.

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