Philosophy

Ludwig Wittgenstein

1889 to 1951, Vienna, Austria

Two revolutions in the philosophy of language - the picturing of facts, and meaning as use in the games of life.

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Lessons

The Tractatus: The Limits of Language

In his first masterpiece, the young Wittgenstein argues that language pictures the world, that the limits of language are the limits of thought and world, and that most philosophy is nonsense - the attempt to say what c…

The Turn: Language-Games and Meaning as Use

Wittgenstein returns to philosophy and overturns his own first book. Meaning is not a picture and words do not mean by labelling objects; the meaning of a word is its use in the practices of life. Language is a motley o…

The Private Language Argument

Wittgenstein’s famous argument that there could be no ‘private language’ - a language whose words refer to private sensations knowable only to the speaker. Without a public standard of correctness, the…

Rule-Following and Forms of Life

Beneath meaning lies the puzzle of what it is to follow a rule. Any rule can be interpreted in endless ways, so no interpretation can fix correct use; rule-following must be a practice, a custom, grounded not in further…

Ethics, the Mystical, and the Life

The thread running through both Wittgenstein’s philosophies is a reverence for what lies beyond theory - ethics, value, the meaning of life - and a conviction that what matters most cannot be captured in doctrine…

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