Politics

Niccolo Machiavelli

1469 to 1527, Florence

Power, virtue, and the realities of rule.

Start learning Niccolo →

Lessons

The World As It Is

Machiavelli’s revolution: to study politics by how people actually behave, not how moralists wish they would - the birth of political realism.

Virtue Against Fortune

Machiavelli’s drama of the human will against chance: virtù , the ruler’s skill and boldness, struggling to master fortuna , the fickle goddess of luck.

Loved or Feared?

Machiavelli’s most notorious question - whether a ruler should be loved or feared - and his cold, careful answer that fear is the safer foundation.

The Lion and the Fox

Machiavelli’s teaching that a ruler must master both force and fraud, keep faith only when it serves him, and above all appear virtuous whatever he truly is.

The Other Machiavelli

Beyond the cynic of The Prince lies a passionate republican who praised liberty, popular government, and even the value of political conflict.

More in Politics

John LockeThomas HobbesJean Jacques RousseauJohn Stuart MillCiceroMahatma GandhiSun TzuMontesquieu

epoché — a humanities education that remembers you.